ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, CHARACTERIZATION OF MINERAL PHASES, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH-MODIFIED PORCELAIN SHACKLES IN NIGERIA

Abstract

In Nigeria, numerous shackle insulators are only effective within a specific temperature range, beyond which they lose their insulating and dielectric capabilities, resulting in electrical fires. Those that are available are quite expensive and not easily within budget. This investigation aims to develop and manufacture high-voltage porcelain insulators that have been modified using fly ash. The aims of the project are to conduct an elemental analysis of metal oxide concentrations in the samples; characterize the mineral phases present in the samples; measure the porosity of the samples; and assess the electrical resistivity of the samples. The elemental analysis of metal oxide concentrations was conducted with a SPECTRO XEPOS energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometer, which is manufactured by Spectro Analytical Instruments, a company based in Kleve, Germany. Characteristics of mineral phases were determined by X-ray powder diffraction using XRD patterns. The ceramic samples' porosity was assessed with a mercury intrusion porosimeter, specifically the AutoPore IV 9500 model produced by Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, located in Norcross, GA, USA. The tests for electrical conductivity and electrical insulation were conducted in compliance with ASTM B 193-87 and ASTM D495, respectively. The study found that porosity values varied from 4.30% to 9.62%. The maximum value was recorded at a FA/P ratio of 10:0. Upon achieving a suitable blend ratio of 6:4 FA to P, a maximum porosity of 7.61% was attained. Cost-effective and functional electrical porcelain shackles can be produced from local materials such as clay, kaolin and fly ash; Locally made electrical porcelain shackles can match the performance of their imported counterparts. Consequently, the study suggests the manufacture and deployment of locally produced porcelain shackles in Nigeria.